Liquid and powder delivery systems for application of antimicrobials to meat products

ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial compositions derived from edible plant sources such as essential oils, their active components, spices and plant extracts have shown antimicrobial effects against a number of foodborne pathogens. The foodborne pathogens of concern in meat and poultry products include  Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli  O157:H7 and  Listeria monocytogenes . The antimicrobial compositions were applied to a meat surface using liquid or powder electrostatic spray systems to effectively reduce the amount of pathogens on various meat and poultry products.

CROSS REFERENCE

This application is a continuation-in-part and claims benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/722,941 filed Oct. 2, 2017, which is a non-provisional and claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/402,898, filed Sep. 30, 2016, the specification(s) of which is/are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to natural plant-based antimicrobials delivered via liquid and powder spray systems to kill pathogens in meat products.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Foodborne pathogens are a significant public health concern with the CDC estimating 48 million Americans experiencing food-based illness each year. Illness incidence rates fluctuate for each type and strain of foodborne pathogen, but the CDC reports no significant change in the overall rate of food-based illness from 2006 to 2014. On the other hand, use of antibiotics in meat production has seen significant public criticism in recent years, sparking fear of antibiotic-resistant bacteria as well as an anti-antibiotic meat movement. Fear of antimicrobial resistance is supported by a significant fraction of experts that espouse the danger as a “major public health crisis.” The threat of antibiotic-resistance due to traditional, synthetic antibiotics could lead to the public turning away from standard antimicrobials, and the threat of foodborne illness could lead to the public to seek an alternative solution.

With the intermixing of trade and consumption of food products across countries, the need for improved food preservation techniques and modes has been a key aspect for food manufacturers and food processors. Coupled with that are the food safety concerns that impact the food, nutrition and health factors of food content marketed today. Consumers are also increasingly interested in preservatives from minimally processed and whole-food servings. For instance, the demand for powdered beverages, health/protein products and health/nutritional bars with natural or no preservatives is constantly on the rise. Due to the current consumer demand for fresh tasting, safe and natural foods with good nutritional quality, food preservation to render processed food products safe for human consumption has become a challenge for the food industry and regulatory agencies. One of the strategies used to achieve food preservation is the use of naturally occurring bio-derived compounds. Many consumers generally prefer natural products over synthetic additives, as they are becoming increasingly aware of the health risks associated with synthetic products. Thus, the food industry is inclined towards natural preservative alternatives to their synthetic counterparts to prevent food spoilage and extend the shelf-life of the food products. To meet this need, the food industry may prefer to evaluate the use of natural ingredients in food products.

As the dominance of natural preservatives has been witnessed during the past four to five years, various manufacturers are now shifting their focus to produce natural and organic biopreservatives. Although natural preservatives may be more expensive than their synthetic counterparts, dosage limits of natural preservatives make them more cost-effective overall. Some examples of natural antioxidants include apple polyphenols extract, green and white teas, acerola cherry, astaxanthin, algae, yerba mate (polyphenols), muscadine grape, blueberry, pomegranate and black currant extracts. Lactic acid solutions are currently used in the meat industry as a highly effective antimicrobial agent against key foodborne pathogens. However, lactic acid solutions require a great deal of water to ensure effective antimicrobial action. Thus, there is a need for an effective, natural, and economical solution to the problems of foodborne illness and fear of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

The present invention provides a novel method for sanitizing the surface of raw meat to kill bacteria as well as improve shelf-life, a practice that is not necessarily related to the antibiotic-related public health threats.

Any feature or combination of features described herein are included within the scope of the present invention provided that the features included in any such combination are not mutually inconsistent as will be apparent from the context, this specification, and the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. Additional advantages and aspects of the present invention are apparent in the following detailed description and claims.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In some aspects, the present invention utilizes compounds derived from edible plant sources such as essential oils, their active components, spices and plant extracts, which have been shown to have antimicrobial effects against a number of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella enterica (S. enterica), Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7), and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). The present invention does not carry the stigma of using traditional, “harsh” antibiotics in food. Furthermore, the method used herein is effective and eschews some of the problems of current food sanitizers. Because of this, the invention could have greater value than the comparative antimicrobial efficacy suggests.

In other aspects, the present invention includes an electrostatic delivery system which, when implemented properly, can reduce waste of antimicrobial agents and virtually eliminate water requirements, thus saving a substantial amount of water and energy.

In some embodiments, the present invention may feature an antimicrobial composition for reducing microorganisms on meat or produce when an effective amount is applied to a surface of the meat or the produce. In some embodiments said antimicrobial composition comprises a plant extract comprising olive extract, hibiscus extract, apple extract, or a combination thereof. In other embodiments, the antimicrobial composition further comprises green tea extract, black tea extract, decaffeinated black tea extract, mushroom extract, grape seed extract, grape pomace extract, potato peel powder, orange peel powder, melon peel powder, or combinations thereof, oregano essential oil containing carvacrol, thyme essential oil containing carvacrol, or combinations thereof.

In other embodiments, the present invention may also feature an antimicrobial powder for reducing microorganisms on meat or produce. In some embodiments, said antimicrobial powder comprises an antimicrobial composition of a plant extract comprising olive extract, hibiscus extract, apple extract or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition is in a powder form, wherein an effective amount of said antimicrobial powder is applied to a surface of the meat or the produce by spray-treatment using a powder electrostatic spray apparatus. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial powder effectively reduces the microorganism population on the surface of the meat or produce by about 1 log to about 2.6 logs.

In further embodiments, the present invention may further feature a method of reducing microorganisms on meat or produce. In some embodiments, said method comprises applying an effective amount of an antimicrobial composition to a surface of the meat or the produce by spray-treating said surface using an electrostatic spray apparatus. In some embodiments, said antimicrobial composition comprises a plant extract comprising olive extract, hibiscus extract, apple extract, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent effectively reduces the microorganism population on the meat or produce surface by about 1 log to about 2.6 logs.

In addition, the present invention has evaluated the application of plant antimicrobials and lactic acid using two different electrostatic spray systems (liquid and powder) against S. enterica, E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes on various meat and poultry products. The meats were inoculated with pathogens, treated with the antimicrobial sprays, and stored at refrigeration temperature. Tests showed a decrease in pathogen levels up to 98.4-99.75% depending on the type of pathogen.

One of the unique and inventive features of the present invention is the use of an electrostatic spray system for applying antimicrobials by inducing electrostatic binding of charged molecules to both the pathogens and the surfaces of the meats, which can result in better efficacy. The spray system can uniformly coat the meat surfaces, both front and back, even if applied from one side. Thus, lower amounts of antimicrobials can be used in comparison to conventional spray applications. Without wishing to limit the invention to any theory or mechanism, it is believed that the technical feature of the present invention advantageously provides for energy and cost savings in the industry, since the treatment can be done without water (powder system) or in cold water (liquid system). Further still, the present invention may be more environmentally friendly than chlorine-containing antimicrobial agents since no trihalomethanes are formed in the present invention. None of the presently known prior references or work has the unique inventive technical feature of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from a consideration of the following detailed description presented in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 shows a Kitto Electrostatic Coating (powder spray) system which kills pathogens by creating precision electrostatic bonding of antimicrobial powder to meats.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

As used herein the term “pathogen” is defined as a microbial form that can cause disease in terms of its ability to produce toxins, enter tissue, colonize, hijack nutrients, and its ability to immunosuppress the host. As used herein the term “antimicrobial agent” is defined as an agent that kills microorganisms or inhibits their growth.

As used herein, the term “extract” is defined as a separation, usually mechanical or chemical, of a substance and/or an active component from the fibrous tissues of the plant. In some embodiments, extracts can be in a liquid or powdered form. For instance, plant material may be treated with a solvent, cold-pressed, or steam distilled to extract and concentrate the active components to form an essential oil of said plant. As another example, the plant material may be dried and then steeped or soaked in a solvent, such as water, that may be cooled, kept at room-temperature, or heated.

As used herein, the term “electrostatic spray systems” is defined as the air-assisted electrostatic sprayers that produce droplets 900 times smaller than those produced by conventional or hydraulic sprayers. After tiny droplets are atomized, they are then given an electrical charge, which are carried via air stream towards the surface to be decontaminated and attached well to the surface. Since the surface is positively charged, they are attracted towards the surface and bind to the surface well.

A non-limiting example of an electrostatic spray system that may be used with the present invention is a Kitto Electrostatic Coating (powder spray) System as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,312,740. Briefly, the electrostatic spray apparatus for applying electrostatically charged particles of an edible coating material to a surface of a food product item comprises a hopper for containing coating material, said hopper including a fluidizing plate for supporting a quantity of said material, an agitator blade and a lifting blade for agitating and lifting said material to assist in fluidizing the material; a source of pressurized fluidizing air connected to said hopper for travel through said fluidizing plate; a feed tube extending into said hopper and having an end thereof positioned a predetermined distance above said fluidizing plate to permit the withdrawal from said hopper of fluidized material at a selected density; a venturi pump connected to an opposite end of said feed tube to withdraw fluidized material from said hopper; and an application gun having means for creating a corona discharge and connected to receive fluidized material from said venturi pump, said gun directing said fluidized material through said corona discharge to produce charged particles of coating material and directing said charged particles toward a food product item surface.

Referring now to FIG. 1, the present invention features a method of reducing microorganisms on meat. In one embodiment, the method may comprise applying an effective amount of an antimicrobial agent to a surface of the meat by spray-treating said surface using a liquid or powder electrostatic spray apparatus. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent may comprise lactic acid. In some embodiments, lactic acid is used as a control. Alternatively or in conjunction, the antimicrobial agent may comprise olive extract, hibiscus extract, apple extract, green tea extract, black tea extract, decaffeinated black tea extract, mushroom extract, grape seed extract, grape pomace extract, potato peel powder, orange peel powder, melon peel powder, or combinations thereof. An effective amount of antimicrobial agent may be determined by methods known in the art, and may preferably comply with standard dosage limits. Without wishing to limit the invention to a particular theory or mechanism, the antimicrobial agent may effectively reduce the microorganism population on the meat surface by about 1 log to about 2.6 logs.

The present invention may feature an antimicrobial composition for reducing microorganisms on meat or produce when an effective amount is applied to a surface of the meat or the produce. In some embodiments said antimicrobial composition comprises a plant extract comprising olive extract, hibiscus extract, apple extract, or a combination thereof. In other embodiments, the antimicrobial composition further comprises green tea extract, black tea extract, decaffeinated black tea extract, mushroom extract, grape seed extract, grape pomace extract, potato peel powder, orange peel powder, melon peel powder, or combinations thereof, oregano essential oil containing carvacrol, thyme essential oil containing carvacrol, or combinations thereof.

The present invention may also feature an antimicrobial powder for reducing microorganisms on meat or produce. In some embodiments, said antimicrobial powder comprises an antimicrobial composition of a plant extract comprising olive extract, hibiscus extract, apple extract or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition is in a powder form, wherein an effective amount of said antimicrobial powder is applied to a surface of the meat or the produce by spray-treatment using a powder electrostatic spray apparatus. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial powder effectively reduces the microorganism population on the surface of the meat or produce by about 1 log to about 2.6 logs.

The present invention may further feature a method of reducing microorganisms on meat or produce. In some embodiments, said method comprises applying an effective amount of an antimicrobial composition to a surface of the meat or the produce by spray-treating said surface using an electrostatic spray apparatus. In some embodiments, said antimicrobial composition comprises a plant extract comprising olive extract, hibiscus extract, apple extract, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent effectively reduces the microorganism population on the meat or produce surface by about 1 log to about 2.6 logs.

In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition is a powder and an effective amount is applied to the surface of the meat or the produce by a spray-treatment. In other embodiments, the antimicrobial composition is a powder and an effective amount is applied to the surface of the meat or the produce by spray-treatment using a powder electrostatic spray apparatus. In some embodiments, the powder electrostatic spray system is free of water. In other embodiments, the antimicrobial composition is a liquid and an effective amount is applied to the surface of the meat or the produce by a spray-treatment. In other embodiments, the antimicrobial composition is a liquid and an effective amount is applied to the surface of the meat or the produce by spray-treatment using a liquid electrostatic spray apparatus. In some embodiments, the liquid electrostatic spray system uses cold water as a solvent medium. In other embodiments, the antimicrobial composition is a liquid and an effective amount is applied to the surface of the meat or the produce by dipping the meat into said liquid antimicrobial composition. In further embodiments, the antimicrobial composition is in a vapor phase, a fog state, or an edible film.

In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition further reduces microorganisms on a surface that the meat or the produce has touched. In other embodiments, the antimicrobial composition further reduces microorganisms that are present on a food contact surface. Non-limiting examples of food contact surfaces may include but are not limited to counters, cutting boards, knives, equipment, crates/bins, packaging material, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition further reduces microorganisms that are present on a non-food contact surface. Non-limiting examples of non-food contact surfaces include but are not limited to a truck, ship, crates/bins, drain, sink, pipes, tubing, floor, walls, irrigation equipment, reservoir, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the surfaces may include but are not limited to stainless steel, high density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate, glass, copper alloy, or rubber. In other embodiments, the antimicrobial composition further prevents and controls biofilm formation. In other embodiments, the antimicrobial composition further prevents and controls microorganisms present in a biofilm form and viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition effectively reduces the microorganism population on the meat surface by about 1 log to about 2.6 logs.

In some embodiments, the liquid electrostatic spray system uses cold water as the liquid medium. In other embodiments, the powder electrostatic spray system is free of water. Without wishing to be bound by a particular theory, the electrostatic spray system atomizes the antimicrobial agent droplets, which are then given an electrical charge, and carried via an air stream towards the meat surface to be decontaminated. Since the meat surface is positively charged, the atomized antimicrobial agent is attracted to the surface and binds well to the surface. In some embodiments, the electrostatic spray system may be more effective than conventional or hydraulic sprayers. In other embodiments, the powder electrostatic spray system may demonstrate better antimicrobial effects against pathogens than the liquid electrostatic spray system.

In alternative embodiments, the meat or the produce may be dipped into an antimicrobial composition as described herein. In some embodiments, the dipping method is an immersion type of treatment wherein the meat or produce will be immersed in a solution of antimicrobial at the required concentration for a specific time. In some embodiments, the dipping method may be more effective at killing bacteria than spray.

According to another embodiment, the present invention features an antimicrobial composition for reducing microorganisms on meat. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition may comprise lactic acid. In other embodiments, the antimicrobial composition may further comprise a plant extract comprising olive extract, hibiscus extract, or a combination thereof. Alternatively or in conjunction, the antimicrobial composition may comprise olive extract, hibiscus extract, apple extract, green tea extract, black tea extract, decaffeinated black tea extract, mushroom extract, grape seed extract, grape pomace extract, potato peel powder, orange peel powder, melon peel powder, or combinations thereof. Alternatively or in conjunction, the antimicrobial composition may further comprise oregano essential oil containing carvacrol, thyme essential oil containing carvacrol, or combinations thereof.

In preferred embodiments, an effective amount of said antimicrobial composition is applied to a surface of the meat by spray-treatment using a liquid or powder electrostatic spray apparatus. This effective amount may be determined by methods known in the art, and may preferably comply with standard dosage limits. Without wishing to limit the invention to a particular theory or mechanism, the antimicrobial composition may effectively reduce the microorganism population on the meat surface by about 1 log to about 2.6 logs. In other preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial composition is free of chlorine sanitizers, thus eliminating trihalomethanes as a by-product.

In addition to being spray-treated onto meat, the antimicrobial composition may also be used as a food packaging film for the packaging of food products. Without wishing to be bound by a particular theory or mechanism, food packaging film having the antimicrobial composition can provide another method of applying antimicrobials to meat and poultry products, thereby reducing microorganism population and inhibiting food spoilage. Thus, in one embodiment of the present invention, the method of reducing microorganisms on meat may comprise packaging the meat with any of the food packaging films described herein.

In some embodiments, the food packaging film may comprise a film substrate loaded with the antimicrobial composition. For example, the film substrate may be coated or impregnated with the antimicrobial composition. In other embodiments, the film substrate may be a natural edible film, polymeric or metallic film, or a paper-based substrate. For instance, the food packaging film may comprise a natural edible film made from plant sources and incorporated with essential oils or their active components. Examples of food products that may be packaged with the food packaging film include, but are not limited to, meat and poultry products, cereal, and food bars.

Consistent with previous embodiments of the invention, the meat may comprise beef, pork or chicken. However, the meat is not limited to only beef, pork and chicken. Any other meat, such as seafood, i.e. fish, game meats such as elk, goat, bison, deer, and wild poultry can be considered for the purpose of this invention. In other embodiments, the meat may be in a fresh, frozen, or processed form. Examples of processed meat include bacon, ham, turkey, luncheon meats, hot dogs, sausage, bratwurst, liverwurst, bologna, salami, and smoked meats.

In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent or composition described herein may be used to reduce microorganisms on produce. As used herein, “produce” refers to agricultural products and especially fresh fruits and vegetables and is distinct from grain and other staple crops. Non-limiting examples of produce include but are not limited to romaine, iceberg lettuce, spinach and baby spinach, spring mix, arugula, radicchio, celery, leeks, squashes, gourds, alfalfa sprouts, tomatoes, peppers/chilies, cucumber, broccoli, cauliflower, bell peppers, carrots, apples, peaches, apricots, nectarines, plums, mangoes, papayas, kiwis, melons, grapes, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, and pears.

In some embodiments, for produce (e.g., romaine, iceberg lettuce, nectarines, or plums) olive extract gave about a 3 log reduction. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition effectively reduces the microorganism population on the produce surface by about 3 logs. In some embodiments, microorganisms may be easier to reduce on produce compared to meat.

In preferred embodiments, the antimicrobial agent or composition may be derived from plants. The plant-derived antimicrobial agents or compositions are preferably from edible plant sources. Non-limiting examples of edible plant sources include essential oils, their active components, and spices such as turmeric. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition described herein may comprise olive extract, hibiscus extract, apple extract, green tea extract, black tea extract, decaffeinated black tea extract, mushroom extract, grape seed extract, grape pomace extract, potato peel powder, orange peel powder, melon peel powder, or combinations thereof. Alternatively or in conjunction, the antimicrobial agents or compositions may comprise carvacrol, which is an active component that may be extracted from oregano essential oil or thyme essential oil. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition comprises plant extracts (e.g., carvacrol). In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition comprising plant extracts may further comprise an emulsifier. However, it is understood that any other edible plant sources that show antimicrobial activities to reduce the amount of pathogens on meat surface can be used to serve the purpose of this invention.

In some embodiments, the microorganisms may be foodborne pathogens. Examples of the foodborne pathogens include, but are not limited to, Salmonella enterica, Shigatoxin producing Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus, Campylobacter jejuni, Arcobacter, Shigella, and non-shigatoxigenic E. coli. In one embodiment, the effective reduction of the amount of Salmonella enterica on the meat surface is about a 2.6 log reduction. In another embodiment, the effective reduction of the amount of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on the meat surface is about a 1.8 log reduction. In some yet another, the effective reduction of the amount of Listeria monocytogenes on the meat surface is about a 1.9 log reduction.

Without wishing to be bound by a particular theory, the present invention provides a safe, efficient, cost-effective way of treating and inactivating common pathogens on meat products without resorting to unsafe or environmentally harmful antimicrobials such as chlorine. The advantages of the present invention include the following:

Powder and liquid delivery systems can be used with no water or cold water, respectively, and further reduce energy and chemical waste;

Use of natural antimicrobial agents from plants instead of harsher chemicals;

With a 98.4-99.75% reduction in pathogen population after treatment, the present invention kills common pathogens at a rate comparable to most synthetic antimicrobial preservatives.

Example 1

The following methods are included herein as non-limiting examples only. Equivalents or substitutes are within the scope of the invention.

Meat Products

Beef, pork and bacon were provided by the Food Products and Safety Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. Chicken, ham and bologna were purchased from a local grocery store in Tucson, Ariz.

Plant Antimicrobials and Lactic Acid

The plant antimicrobials tested in this study were olive extract, apple extract, grape seed extract, green tea extract, black tea extract, hibiscus tea and carvacrol. The hibiscus calyces were provided by Dr. Divya Jaroni, Southern University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Baton Rouge, La. The other plant antimicrobials were provided by Dr. Mendel Friedman, USDA-ARS Western Regional Research Center, Albany, Calif. Lactic acid, provided by the Food Products and Safety Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz., was also tested in this study.

Electrostatic Spray Systems

The antimicrobials were applied using an electrostatic spray system that induces electrostatic binding of charged molecules to both the pathogens and the surfaces of meat and poultry. Powder and liquid spray systems were used in this study. The Kitto Electrostatic Coating (powder spray) System (FIG. 1, Kitto System; Kitto Coating Technologies Inc., Scottsdale, Ariz. U.S. Pat. No. 6,312,740) effectively creates precision electrostatic bonding of antimicrobial powder to meats. Each powder particle is negatively charged when sprayed and tightly binds or envelops the bacteria and meat. A liquid electrostatic spray system from Desert Best Technologies, LLC, Arizona was also evaluated.

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activities Using the Liquid Spray System

Beef, pork and chicken breast were cut into small pieces (10 g). Beef samples were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7. Pork and chicken samples were inoculated with S. enterica serovar typhimurium (S. typhimurium). The inoculation level for both bacteria was 10⁵ CFU/g. The samples were dried for 30 min to allow the bacteria to attach to the surface. The samples were then spray-treated with one of the following antimicrobial solutions using the liquid spray system: 5% lactic acid, 5% apple extracts, 5% green tea extract, 5% grape seed extract, hibiscus tea (1 g hibiscus powder boiled in 2 oz water), and 1.5% carvacrol. Water was used as a control. After the treatments, one batch of samples was taken at day 0 and the other batch of samples was stored at 4° C. for 3 days. The surviving bacteria on meat products were enumerated by plating on Sorbitol MacConkey agar and Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate (XLD) agar, for E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium, respectively.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities Using the Kitto Powder Spray System

Beef, pork, chicken breast, bologna, ham and bacon were cut into small pieces (10 g). Beef samples were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 or S. typhimurium. Pork and chicken samples were inoculated with S. typhimurium. Ham and bacon samples were inoculated with S. typhimurium or L. monocytogenes. Bologna samples were inoculated with L. monocytogenes. The inoculation levels for the 3 bacteria were 10⁵⁻⁶ CFU/g. The samples were dried for 30 min to allow the bacteria to attach to the surface. The samples were then spray-treated with one of the following antimicrobial powders using the Kitto System: lactic acid, olive extract, apple extracts, hibiscus powder, grape seed extract, green tea extract, and black tea extract. After the treatments, one batch of samples was taken at day 0 and the other batch of samples was stored at 4° C. for 3 days. The surviving bacteria on meat products were enumerated by plating on Sorbitol MacConkey (SMAC) agar, Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate (XLD) agar and Modified Oxford (MOX) formulation agar for E. coli O157:H7, S. typhimurium and L. monocytogenes, respectively. Untreated samples were used as controls.

Results

Effectiveness of Plant Antimicrobials and Lactic Acid Against E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium on Meat Products Using the Liquid Spray System.

The surviving populations of E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium are shown in Table 1. Among the various antimicrobials, carvacrol solution showed the best antimicrobial activities against both pathogens, compared to water controls. At day 3, carvacrol reduced the E. coli O157:H7 population by 0.3 Log CFU/g on beef samples. For S. typhimurium, carvacrol showed 0.4 and 0.5 log reduction on pork and chicken, respectively. Hibiscus tea also demonstrated antimicrobial effects in the liquid spray treatment. At day 3, it caused 0.2 and 0.4 log reduction in Salmonella population on pork and chicken, respectively. Green tea extract reduced 0.3 log of Salmonella on chicken at day 3.

TABLE 1 Survival of pathogens (log CFU/g) on meat products after liquid spray treatments. Day 0 Day 3 Beef inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 water  4.99 ± 0.14* 4.58 ± 0.44 lactic acid 4.95 ± 0.16 4.60 ± 0.49 1.5% Carvacrol 4.80 ± 0.20 4.30 ± 0.62 hibiscus tea 4.98 ± 0.17 4.46 ± 0.59 5% green tea extract 4.87 ± 0.24 4.58 ± 0.48 5% grape seed extract 4.96 ± 0.16 4.52 ± 0.49 5% apple extract 4.97 ± 0.18 4.66 ± 0.36 Pork inoculated with S. typhimurium water 5.29 ± 0.42 4.83 ± 0.28 lactic acid 5.22 ± 0.32 4.73 ± 0.29 1.5% Carvacrol 4.88 ± 0.26 4.47 ± 0.27 hibiscus tea 5.27 ± 0.41 4.63 ± 0.20 5% green tea extract 5.27 ± 0.33 4.71 ± 0.18 5% grape seed extract 5.27 ± 0.28 4.67 ± 0.17 5% apple extract 5.34 ± 0.36 4.92 ± 0.12 Chicken inoculated with S. typhimurium water 5.24 ± 0.22 4.96 ± 0.54 lactic acid 5.00 ± 0.17 4.89 ± 0.55 1.5% Carvacrol 4.75 ± 0.15 4.50 ± 0.35 hibiscus tea 5.11 ± 0.30 4.58 ± 0.43 5% green tea extract 5.17 ± 0.30 4.73 ± 0.32 5% grape seed extract 5.16 ± 0.31 4.92 ± 0.52 5% apple extract 5.12 ± 0.30 4.79 ± 0.22 *Data is shown as Mean ± SD, n = 3. Effectiveness of Plant Antimicrobials and Lactic Acid Against E. coli O157:H7, S. typhimurium and L. monocytogenes on Meat Products Using the Kitto Powder Spray System.

The effectiveness of plant antimicrobials and lactic acid powders against E. coli O157:H7 is shown in Table 2. Lactic acid reduced E. coli O157:H7 by 1.1 and 1.2 log CFU/g at day 0 and 3, respectively. Olive extract showed 0.9 log reduction at day 0, and it demonstrated better antimicrobial activities (1.8 log reduction) against E. coli O157:H7 at day 3 than lactic acid. Apple extract and hibiscus also caused 0.7 and 0.8 log reductions, respectively, at day 3.

TABLE 2 Survival of E. coli O157:H7 (log CFU/g) on beef after the Kitto powder spray treatments. Day 0 Day 3 Beef inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 control 5.57 5.46 lactic acid 4.49 4.25 grapeseed extract 5.56 5.17 apple extract 5.26 4.76 olive extract 4.65 3.67 green tea extract 5.67 5.48 black tea extract 5.78 5.44 hibiscus 5.13 4.63

Table 3 shows the surviving populations of S. typhimurium on meat products after the powder spray treatment. Generally, lactic acid powder showed the best effects among the antimicrobials used, followed by olive extract. Lactic acid caused 0.6-2.0 and 1.0-2.6 log reductions on various meat products at day 0 and 3, respectively. Olive extract also reduced Salmonella population by 0.3-1.8 and 0.7-1.7 log CFU/g at day 0 and 3, respectively. Hibiscus powder showed 0.5-0.9 and 0.5-1.2 log reduction at day 0 and 3, respectively, on various meat products except ham, on which only 0.2 log reduction was seen at day 3. Apple extract slightly (no more than 0.5 log CFU/g) reduced Salmonella on beef, pork, chicken and ham, but on bacon there were 1.1 and 0.7 log reductions at day 0 and 3, respectively. Green tea and black tea extract also showed some antimicrobial effects on pork and chicken, but the reduction was low (<0.5 log CFU/g).

TABLE 3 Survival of S. Typhimurium (log CFU/g) on meat products after the Kitto powder spray treatments. Day 0 Day 3 Beef inoculated with S. Typhimurium control 5.45 5.15 lactic acid 3.81 2.54 grapeseed extract 5.16 5.12 apple extract 5.10 4.91 olive extract 4.48 3.50 green tea extract 5.49 5.56 black tea extract 5.51 5.63 hibiscus 4.76 4.09 Pork inoculated with S. Typhimurium control 4.94 5.20 lactic acid 4.10 3.82 grape seed extract 4.84 4.89 apple extract 4.70 5.00 olive extract 3.90 3.50 green tea extract 4.63 4.83 black tea extract 4.73 4.89 hibiscus 4.45 4.00 Chicken inoculated with S. Typhimurium control 5.51 5.19 lactic acid 3.64 3.81 grape seed extract 5.12 5.00 apple extract 4.96 4.88 olive extract 3.67 3.82 green tea extract 5.08 5.15 black tea extract 5.03 5.11 hibiscus 4.61 4.72 Ham inoculated with S. Typhimurium control 5.45 5.48 lactic acid 4.81 4.45 olive extract 5.17 4.79 hibiscus 5.47 5.24 apple extract 5.51 5.53 Bacon inoculated with S. Typhimurium control 5.48 5.26 lactic acid 3.53 3.46 olive extract 4.00 4.05 hibiscus 4.60 4.69 apple extract 4.41 4.58

Table 4 shows the surviving populations of L. monocytogenes on ham, bacon and bologna after the powder spray treatment. Lactic add powder showed 1.0-1.7 and 0.8-1.8 log reductions at day 0 and 3, respectively. Olive extract caused 0-1.3 log reductions at day 0, and 0.6-1.9 log reductions in L. monocytogenes population at day 3.

TABLE 4 Survival of L. monocytogenes (log CFU/g) on meat products after the Kitto powder spray treatments. Day 0 Day 3 Bologna inoculated with L. monocytogenes control 5.47 5.29 lactic acid 3.98 3.97 grapeseed extract 5.44 5.46 apple extract 5.15 4.95 olive extract 5.53 4.05 green tea extract 5.61 5.74 black tea extract 5.57 5.76 hibiscus 5.48 5.11 Ham inoculated with L. monocytogenes control 6.50 6.64 lactic acid 5.54 5.88 olive extract 5.58 6.01 hibiscus 6.18 6.23 apple extract 6.14 6.17 Bacon inoculated with L. monocytogenes control 6.55 6.69 lactic acid 4.82 4.89 olive extract 5.24 4.79 hibiscus 6.16 6.25 apple extract 5.79 5.89

Table 5 shows natural antimicrobial compositions against foodborne pathogens on meat products (Kitto System). In some embodiments, the antimicrobial compositions below were sprayed on meat samples using the powdered form directly. In some embodiments, 2 mg/cm² of the below mentioned antimicrobial powder was attached on the meat surface.

Meat Natural antimicrobial products Pathogens Log reductions Apple extract powder beef E.coli O157:H7 0.7 log at day 3 Apple extract powder bacon S. Typhimurium 0.7 log at day 3 Apple extract powder ham L. monocytogenes 0.5 log at day 3 Apple extract powder bacon L. monocytogenes 0.8 log at day 3 Olive extract powder beef E.coli O157:H7 1.8 log at day 3 Olive extract powder beef S. Typhimurium 1.6 log at day 3 Olive extract powder pork S. Typhimurium 1.7 log at day 3 Olive extract powder chicken S. Typhimurium 1.4 log at day 3 Olive extract powder ham S. Typhimurium 0.7 log at day 3 Olive extract powder bacon S. Typhimurium 1.2 log at day 3 Olive extract powder bologna L. monocytogenes 1.2 log at day 3 Olive extract powder ham L. monocytogenes 0.6 log at day 3 Olive extract powder bacon L. monocytogenes 1.9 log at day 3 Hibiscus powder beef E coli O157:H7 0.8 log at day 3 Hibiscus powder beef S. Typhimurium 1.1 log at day 3 Hibiscus powder pork S. Typhimurium 1.2 log at day 3 Hibiscus powder chicken S. Typhimurium 0.5 log at day 3 Hibiscus powder bacon S. Typhimurium 0.6 log at day 3

In other embodiments, 0.5 mg/cm² of the aforementioned antimicrobial powder was attached on the meat surface. In some embodiments, 1 mg/cm² of the aforementioned antimicrobial powder was attached on the meat surface. In some embodiments, 1.5 mg/cm² of the aforementioned antimicrobial powder was attached on the meat surface. In further embodiments, 2.5 mg/cm² of the aforementioned antimicrobial powder was attached on the meat surface.

CONCLUSIONS

The results from this study demonstrated that plant antimicrobials and lactic acid effectively reduced E. coli O157:H7, S. typhimurium and L. monocytogenes on meat products when used with powder and liquid spray systems. After the treatments, there were up to 2.6, 1.8 and 1.9 log reductions on S. enterica, E. coli O157:H7, and L. monocytogenes, respectively. In general, the Kitto powder spray system showed better effects against pathogens than the liquid spray system. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the novel applications of the present invention can help the food industry save energy since the treatments can be done using cold water (liquid system) or without water (powder spray system).

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it was found that lactic acid, olive extract and hibiscus were the most effective ones among the antimicrobials tested in this study. Since the extracts are edible, there is no need to wash them off, and the powders are readily absorbed onto the meat surface within 24 hours, leaving no trace of powders. In addition, the meat sensory properties are not expected to be affected. Plant extracts can also offer other health benefits to consumers, and may further enhance the flavor of the meat and poultry products.

Compared to the use of chlorine, which can generate potentially toxic trihalomethanes, the present treatments are more environmentally friendly. The proposed applications may also be user friendly, causing no skin irritation or cloth bleaching. These applications are very economical, costing only a few cents/lb of meat, apart from the initial investment in the equipment. Further still, since many plant extracts are inexpensive industrial waste by-products, this may further improve cost-efficiency.

Example 2

The following methods are included herein as non-limiting examples only. Equivalents or substitutes are within the scope of the invention.

The Reduction of Biofilm Formation on Food Contact Surfaces by Natural Sanitizer.

Six food contact surface coupons (316 and 304 stainless steel, buna-N Rubber, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, and high-density polyethylene) were placed into a separate 35 mm mini-petri dish and then were immersed in 10 mL of 0.5%, 0.7%, and 1.0% essential oil with 0.0001% emulsifier for 2 min. The sanitizer was removed from the petri dish, after which they were allowed to air dry for 30 min, after which 10 mL of 1:10 dilute tryptic soy broth (TSB) was added to each coupon-containing petri dish. Each petri dish was then inoculated with S. enterica. The coupons were washed every 14-18 hours to remove any planktonic cells by moving back and forth in 25 mL of sterile deionized H₂O, and then they were treated again with sanitizers every 14-18 hours. After the proper length of time (0, 1, and 3 days) the biofilm formation was evaluated using a crystal violet staining method (Table 26) and a direct plating method (Tables 6-25).

The procedure for evaluating biofilm growth using the crystal violet staining method comprises staining biofilm growth with a crystal violet solution, and then removing the stain via ethanol and reading the OD₆₀₀ values via a microplate spectrophotometer. First the TSB was removed from each plate, and each coupon was washed by moving it back and forth 5 times in 5 separate petri dishes each containing 25 mL of sterile deionized water. The coupons were placed into fresh petri dishes, and were then air dried in a bio-hood for 30 minutes, after which 5 mL of crystal violet solution was added to each petri dish. The coupons were then placed on a shaking incubator at 100 rpm for 45 minutes. Then, the coupons were rinsed 5 times by moving them back and forth 5 times in 5 petri dishes containing 25 mL of sterile deionized H₂O. The coupons were placed into fresh petri dishes after washing, and then were allowed to dry in the bio-hood for 1 hour. Then, 5 mL of 95% ethanol was added to each plate after which, they were placed back on the shaking incubator at 100 RPM for 30 minutes. After this 100 μL of the dissolved dye solution was added to each well of a 96 well microplate and measured using 95% ethanol as the blank.

The reduction in bacterial biofilm formation by natural sanitizers was also tested using a direct plating method. The coupons were rinsed by submerging in 5 separate petri dishes each containing 25 mL of sterile deionized H₂O by moving them back and forth 5 times to remove planktonic cells. After rinsing, they were placed into a new petri dish filled with 10 mL of BPW. The coupons were sonicated for 2 min on ice on the 40/40 setting. After sonication, the sonicated solution was serially diluted using 0.1% peptone water and spread plated on TSA in duplicate. Plates were incubated overnight at 37° C. for 24-48 hours, after which, the colonies were counted, to establish the efficacy of the antimicrobial solutions (Table 27-46). The results indicate that the plant-based antimicrobial microemulsions can reduce biofilm formation by S. enterica various produce contact surfaces

TABLE 6 Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 0.5% oregano oil and 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 0. Coupons 0.5% oregano oil Positive Control Log Reduction Stainless steel 316 <1.3 Log   5.1 Log >3.8 Log   Stainless steel 304   <1 Log   4.6 Log >3.6 Log   PC <2.1 Log   4.9 Log >3.6 Log   PVC 3.3 Log 4.7 Log 1.4 Log BuNa Rubber 3.1 Log 4.4 Log 1.6 Log HDPE <1.2 Log   4.6 Log >3.6 Log  

TABLE 7 Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 0.5% oregano oil and 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 1. Coupons 0.5% oregano oil Positive Control Log Reduction Stainless steel 316 1.7 Log 5.9 Log 4.2 Log Stainless steel 304 2.9 Log 5.8 Log 3.0 Log PC <2.6 Log   6.8 Log >4.1 Log   PVC <3.2 Log   7.0 Log >3.8 Log   BuNa Rubber <3.6 Log   6.5 Log >3.0 Log   HDPE <1.59 Log    7.8 Log >5.7 Log  

TABLE 8 Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 0.5% oregano oil and 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 3. Coupons 0.5% oregano oil Positive Control Log Reduction Stainless steel 316   <1 Log   7.0 Log >6.0 Log   Stainless steel 304 3.9 Log 7.1 Log 3.1 Log PC 2.1 Log 7.4 Log 5.1 Log PVC 3.3 Log 7.3 Log 4.0 Log BuNa Rubber 4.8 Log 6.7 Log 1.9 Log HDPE <1.1 Log   7.0 Log >5.9 Log  

TABLE 9 Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 0.7% oregano oil and 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 0. Coupons 0.7% oregano oil Positive Control Log Reduction Stainless steel 316   <1 Log   6.4 Log >5.4 Log   Stainless steel 304 1.9 Log 5.0 Log 3.1 Log PC 2.8 Log 5.1 Log 2.3 Log PVC 2.2 Log 5.1 Log 2.9 Log BuNa Rubber 2.6 Log 4.9 Log 2.3 Log HDPE <1.2 Log   5.1 Log >3.9 Log  

TABLE 10 Table 5. Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 0.7% oregano oil and 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 1. Coupons 0.7% oregano oil Positive Control Log Reduction Stainless steel 316 3.1 Log 6.0 Log 2.9 Log Stainless steel 304 2.6 Log 7.0 Log 3.8 Log PC 3.0 Log 6.4 Log 3.4 Log PVC 1.9 Log 7.0 Log 5.1 Log BuNa Rubber <1.9 Log   6.2 Log >4.3 Log   HDPE 1.7 Log 7.1 Log 5.4 Log

TABLE 11 Table 6. Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 0.7% oregano oil and 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 3. Coupons 0.7% oregano oil Positive Control Log Reduction Stainless steel 316   <1 Log   7.0 Log   >6 Log   Stainless steel 304 2.2 Log 6.2 Log 4.0 Log PC <2.8 Log   7.6 Log >4.8 Log   PVC 2.9 Log 7.0 Log 4.1 Log BuNa Rubber 3.0 Log 6.8 Log 3.8 Log HDPE 1.8 Log 7.0 Log 5.2 Log

TABLE 12 Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 1.0% oregano oil and 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 0. Coupons 1.0% oregano oil Positive Control Log Reduction Stainless steel 316 1.9 Log 6.2 Log 4.3 Log Stainless steel 304 1.6 Log 4.8 Log 3.2 Log PC 0.9 Log 4.8 Log 4.0 Log PVC <1.2 Log   4.2 Log >3.0 Log   BuNa Rubber 2.8 Log   3 Log 0.2 Log HDPE   <1 Log   4.8 Log >3.8 Log  

TABLE 13 Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 1.0% oregano oil and 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 1. Coupons 1.0% oregano oil Positive Control Log Reduction Stainless steel 316   <1 Log   6.3 Log >5.3 Log   Stainless steel 304 <1.7 Log   5.9 Log >4.2 Log   PC 3.1 Log 7.0 Log 3.9 Log PVC <0.9 Log   6.3 Log >5.4 Log   BuNa Rubber <1.2 Log   5.1 Log >4.0 Log   HDPE   <1 Log   7.2 Log >6.2 Log  

TABLE 14 Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 1.0% oregano oil and 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 3. Coupons 1.0% oregano oil Positive Control Log Reduction Stainless steel 316   <1 Log 5.9 Log >4.9 Log Stainless steel 304   <1 Log 6.1 Log >5.1 Log PC <1.5 Log 7.6 Log >6.1 Log PVC   <1 Log 7.7 Log >6.7 Log BuNa Rubber <1.3 Log 5.8 Log >4.6 Log HDPE   <1 Log 7.0 Log >6.0 Log

TABLE 15 Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 0.5% Lemon grass and 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 0. Positive Coupons 0.5% lemon grass Control Log Reduction Stainless steel 316 4.9 Log 6.0 Log 1.1 Log Stainless steel 304 3.0 Log 4.9 Log 1.9 Log PC 4.1 Log 5.2 Log 1.1 Log PVC 4.1 Log 5.3 Log 1.2 Log BuNa Rubber 3.9 Log 5.0 Log 1.1 Log HDPE 2.8 Log 4.9 Log 2.2 Log

TABLE 16 Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 0.5% Lemon grass and 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 1. Positive Coupons 0.5% lemon grass Control Log Reduction Stainless steel 316 4.9 Log 6.9 Log 3.2 Log Stainless steel 304 2.9 Log 6.9 Log 4.0 Log PC 3.8 Log 6.9 Log 2.8 Log PVC 4.9 Log 6.9 Log 2.0 Log BuNa Rubber 4.6 Log 6.3 Log 1.7 Log HDPE 2.3 Log 6.9 Log 6.2 Log

TABLE 17 Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 0.5% Lemon grass and 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 3. Positive Coupons 0.5% lemon grass Control Log Reduction Stainless steel 316 3.6 Log 5.9 Log 2.3 Log Stainless steel 304 4.5 Log 7.7 Log 3.2 Log PC 4.9 Log 7.6 Log 2.7 Log PVC <3.3 Log   7.1 Log 3.8 Log BuNa Rubber 4.1 Log 6.4 Log 2.3 Log HDPE 5.0 Log 7.2 Log 2.2 Log

TABLE 18 Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 0.5% Cinnamon Oil and 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 0. Positive Coupons 0.5% cinnamon oil Control Log Reduction Stainless steel 316 3.9 Log 4.9 Log 1.0 Log Stainless steel 304 3.3 Log 4.6 Log 1.3 Log PC 2.0 Log 3.9 Log 1.9 Log PVC 3.8 Log 4.7 Log 0.9 Log BuNa Rubber 3.6 Log 4.7 Log 0.9 Log HDPE 3.9 Log 4.4 Log 0.5 Log

TABLE 19 Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 0.5% Cinnamon Oil and 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 1. Positive Coupons 0.5% cinnamon oil Control Log Reduction Stainless steel 316  1.6 Log 4.3 Log  2.7 Log Stainless steel 304   <1 Log 6.5 Log >5.5 Log PC   <1 Log 4.5 Log >3.5 Log PVC <0.8 Log 6.6 Log >5.8 Log BuNa Rubber <1.3 Log 3.5 Log  2.3 Log HDPE   <1 Log 7.1 Log >6.1 Log

TABLE 20 Table 14. Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 0.5% Cinnamon Oil and 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 3. Positive Coupons 0.5% cinnamon oil Control Log Reduction Stainless steel 316 <1 Log 6.7 Log >5.7 Log Stainless steel 304 <1 Log 7.8 Log >6.8 Log PC <0.9 Log   7.0 Log >6.2 Log PVC <0.9 Log   7.1 Log >6.1 Log BuNa Rubber <1 Log 5.7 Log >4.7 Log HDPE <1 Log 7.8 Log >6.8 Log

TABLE 21 Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 0.7% Cinnamon Oil and 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 0. Positive Coupons 0.7% cinnamon oil Control Log Reduction Stainless steel 316 3.3 Log 4.9 Log 1.7 Log Stainless steel 304 1.7 Log 4.6 Log 2.9 Log PC 2.5 Log 3.9 Log 1.4 Log PVC 2.1 Log 4.7 Log 2.7 Log BuNa Rubber 3.4 Log 3.5 Log 0.1 Log HDPE >3.3 Log   4.4 Log <1.1 Log  

TABLE 22 Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 0.7% Cinnamon Oil and 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 1. Positive Coupons 0.7% cinnamon oil Control Log Reduction Stainless steel 316 <1 Log*  4.3 Log >3.3 Log Stainless steel 304 <1 Log   6.5 Log >5.5 Log PC <1 Log   4.5 Log >3.5 Log PVC <1.4 Log 6.6 Log >5.2 Log BuNa Rubber <0.9 Log 3.5 >2.6 Log HDPE <0.9 Log 7.1 Log >6.1 Log *Mild contamination present on plates. Log reduction likely greater.

TABLE 23 Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 1.0% Cinnamon Oil and 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 0. Positive Coupons 1.0% cinnamon oil Control Log Reduction Stainless steel 316 3.0 Log 4.9 Log 1.9 Log Stainless steel 304 1.5 Log 4.6 Log 3.1 Log PC <1 Log 7.0 Log 6.0 Log PVC <0.9 Log   4.7 Log >3.8 Log   BuNa Rubber 1.8 Log 4.5 Log 2.8 Log HDPE 3.3 Log 4.4 Log >1.1 Log  

TABLE 24 Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 1.0% Cinnamon Oil and 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 1. Positive Coupons 1.0% cinnamon oil Control Log Reduction Stainless steel 316 <0.8 Log 4.3 Log >3.5 Log Stainless steel 304   <1 Log 6.5 Log >5.5 Log PC   <1 Log 4.5 Log >3.5 Log PVC   <1 Log 6.6 Log >5.6 Log BuNa Rubber <1.2 Log 3.5 Log >2.4 Log HDPE  <1.2 Log* 7.1 Log >6.1 Log *Mild contamination present on plates. Log reduction is likely greater.

TABLE 25 Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 1.0% Cinnamon Oil and 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 3. Positive Coupons 1.0% cinnamon oil Control Log Reduction Stainless steel 316 <1 Log 6.7 Log >5.7 Log Stainless steel 304 <1 Log 7.8 Log >6.8 Log PC <1 Log 7.0 Log >6.0 Log PVC <1 Log 7.6 Log >6.1 Log BuNa Rubber <1 Log 5.7 Log  4.7 Log HDPE <0.9 Log   7.8 Log >6.9 Log

TABLE 26 The OD₆₀₀ values of crystal violet dye from biofilm formation on various coupons treated with 0.5% Oregano Oil and 0.0001% emulsifier by Salmonella enterica. Stainless Stainless Blank steel Steel Buna N- (95% Day Bacteria HDPE PVC PC (304) (316) rubber Ethanol) Day 0 S. enterica 0.128 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.046 0.72 0.043 Control 0.550 0.08 0.059 0.052 0.053 0.194 0.039 Day 1 S. enterica 0.057 0.195 0.046 0.045 0.048 0.500 0.04 Control 0.447 0.532 0.68 0.344 0.606 0.546 0.041 Day 3 S. enterica 0.045 0.046 0.574 0.359 0.453 0.479 0.04 Control 1.134 1.3 1.251 0.815 1.065 0.319 0.041

TABLE 27 The OD600 values of crystal violet dye from biofilm formation on various coupons by Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes. Blank Stainless Buna N- (95% Day Bacteria HDPE PVC PC steel rubber Ethanol) Day 0 S. enterica 0.057 0.06 0.063 0.057 0.448 0.043 L. monocytogenes 0.073 0.083 0.076 0.045 1.032 0.042 Control 0.068 0.059 0.062 0.048 0.958 0.042 Day 1 S. enterica 0.548 1.234 0.548 0.77 3.253 0.04 L. monocytogenes 0.313 0.38 0.889 1.031 1.56 0.041 Control 0.079 0.065 0.067 0.05 1.005 0.041 Day 3 S. enterica 1.913 1.621 1.536 1.208 3.817 0.04 L. monocytogenes 1.494 2.573 1.656 1.773 3.667 0.044 Control 0.064 0.086 0.065 0.052 0.865 0.041

TABLE 28 Bacterial population (Log CFU/mL) recovered from the biofilms formed by Listeria monocytogenes on various food contact surface coupons. Sonicator 316 stainless Day setting steel BuNa-N rubber HDPE Day 0 20:40 5.08 5.11 4.88 40:40 5.02 5.09 5.19 40:60 5.27 5.23 5.37 60:60 5.13 5.15 5.35 Day 1 20:40 7.60 7.18 6.64 40:40 7.28 7.17 6.62 40:60 7.62 7.25 6.29 60:60 7.59 7.56 6.61 Day 3 20:40 7.52 7.74 7.20 40:40 7.63 7.57 6.81 40:60 7.48 7.84 6.83 60:60 7.61 7.58 7.02

TABLE 29 Bacterial population (Log CFU/mL) recovered from the biofilms formed by Salmonella Newport on various food contact surface coupons. Sonicator 316 stainless Day setting steel BuNa-N rubber HDPE Day 0 20:20 5.44 5.13 4.30 20:40 5.46 4.27 5.20 40:40 5.30 5.31 5.13 40:60 5.41 5.71 5.96 Day 1 20:20 7.16 7.00 6.80 20:40 7.15 7.10 6.93 40:40 7.07 7.06 7.02 40:60 6.77 7.04 6.97 Day 3 20:20 7.13 6.98 6.86 20:40 7.45 7.40 7.38 40:40 7.53 7.71 7.21 40:60 7.35 7.38 7.39

TABLE 30 The OD600 values of crystal violet dye from biofilm formation on various coupons by Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes after treatment with 0.005% emulsifier. Buna N- Stainless Stainless Day Bacteria rubber steel 304 steel 316 HDPE PC PVC Day 0 S. enterica 0.820 ± 0.654 0.091 ± 0.032 0.086 ± 0.005 0.090 ± 0.009 0.088 ± 0.003 0.071 ± 0.006 L. 0.275 ± 0.136 0.074 ± 0.019 0.073 ± 0.006 0.074 ± 0.005 0.076 ± 0.010 0.083 ± 0.028 monocytogenes Day 1 S. enterica 0.514 ± 0.249 0.167 ± 0.039 0.157 ± 0.057 0.220 ± 0.119 0.243 ± 0.179 0.141 ± 0.083 L. 0.315 ± 0.087 0.136 ± 0.098 0.146 ± 0.122 0.149 ± 0.116 0.177 ± 0.173 0.092 ± 0.049 monocytogenes Day 3 S. enterica 0.581 ± 0.221 0.505 ± 0.159 0.224 ± 0.043 0.314 ± 0.141 0.375 ± 0.050 0.358 ± 0.100 L. 0.548 ± 0.236 0.295 ± 0.012 0.180 ± 0.041 0.553 ± 0.381 0.854 ± 0.572 0.391 ± 0.217 monocytogenes

TABLE 31 The OD600 values of crystal violet dye from biofilm formation on various coupons by Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes after treatment with 3% plant extract. Buna N- Stainless Stainless Day Bacteria rubber steel 304 steel 316 HDPE PC PVC Day 0 S. enterica 0.532 ± 0.143 0.182 ± 0.105 0.144 ± 0.077 0.219 ± 0.170 0.147 ± 0.069 0.119 ± 0.027 L. 0.253 ± 0.013 0.161 ± 0.044 0.127 ± 0.024 0.170 ± 0.086 0.124 ± 0.032 0.137 ± 0.039 monocytogenes Day 1 S. enterica 0.444 ± 0.055 0.304 ± 0.225 0.434 ± 0.369 0.404 ± 0.283 0.403 ± 0.489 0.219 ± 0.136 L. 0.488 ± 0.054 0.367 ± 0.208 0.524 ± 0.489 0.392 ± 0.258 0.150 ± 0.033 0.152 ± 0.029 monocytogenes Day 3 S. enterica 0.678 ± 0.273 0.413 ± 0.261 0.231 ± 0.062 0.322 ± 0.183 0.251 ± 0.149 0.354 ± 0.260 L. 0.506 ± 0.103 0.244 ± 0.139 0.246 ± 0.120 0.278 ± 0.163 0.393 ± 0.298 0.263 ± 0.149 monocytogenes

TABLE 32 The OD600 values of crystal violet dye from biofilm formation on various coupons by Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes after treatment with 0.3% essential oil and 0.005% emulsifier microemulsion. Buna N- Stainless Stainless Day Bacteria rubber steel 304 steel 316 HDPE PC PVC Day 0 S. enterica 1.015 ± 0.379 0.556 ± 0.092 0.615 ± 0.239 0.949 ± 0.737 1.516 ± 0.191 0.934 ± 0.428 L. 0.504 ± 0.019 0.239 ± 0.018 0.676 ± 0.651 0.417 ± 0.103 0.775 ± 0.470 1.023 ± 0.444 monocytogenes Day 1 S. enterica 0.637 ± 0.303 0.731 ± 0.354 0.562 ± 0.339 1.829 ± 1.678 2.011 ± 1.391 1.805 ± 1.550 L. 0.640 ± 0.366 0.417 ± 0.057 0.414 ± 0.079 1.640 ± 1.722 1.501 ± 1.101 0.793 ± 0.281 monocytogenes Day 3 S. enterica 0.612 ± 0.275 0.379 ± 0.085 0.294 ± 0.113 0.336 ± 0.141 0.307 ± 0.359 0.582 ± 0.276 L. 0.476 ± 0.185 0.235 ± 0.032 0.233 ± 0.164 0.281 ± 0.137 0.336 ± 0.152 0.712 ± 0.300 monocytogenes

TABLE 33 The OD600 values of crystal violet dye recovered from coupons inoculated with Salmonella enterica after a two minute treatment with 0.5%, 0.7% and 1.0% oregano oil microemulsions on Day 0, 1 and 3. Coupon Day 0 Day 1 Day 3 0.5% oregano oil microemulsion 304 SS 0.085 0.056 0.134 316 SS 0.071 0.068 0.116 Buna N 0.484 0.493 0.239 PVC 0.124 0.119 0.193 PC 0.339 0.201 0.105 HDPE 0.349 0.072 0.329 0.7% oregano oil microemulsion 304 SS 0.158 0.248 0.780 316 SS 0.103 0.198 0.681 Buna N 0.255 0.654 0.763 PVC 0.133 0.117 1.127 PC 0.369 0.230 0.270 HDPE 0.115 0.074 0.609 1.0% oregano oil microemulsion 304 SS 0.073 0.192 0.575 316 SS 0.077 0.083 0.611 Buna N 0.779 0.729 0.610 PVC 0.553 0.101 0.881 PC 3.737 0.264 0.355 HDPE 0.362 0.072 0.290

TABLE 34 Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 0.1% oregano oil + 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion. Coupons Day 0 Day 1 Stainless steel 304 4.47 4.27 Stainless steel 316 4.25 4.26 PC 4.20 4.20 PVC 3.54 4.43 HDPE 3.48 4.56 Buna rubber 3.59 4.79

Enumeration of surviving population of Listeria monocytogenes (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 0.1% oregano oil +0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion. Coupons Day 0 Day 1 Stainless steel 304 4.28 4.27 Stainless steel 316 4.10 4.14 PC 3.83 4.40 PVC 3.70 4.65 Buna rubber 3.55 4.43 HDPE 3.85 4.72

TABLE 36 Enumeration of surviving population of Salmonella (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 0.5% oregano oil or lemongrass oil + 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 0. Coupons 0.5% oregano oil 0.5% lemongrass oil Stainless steel 304 <2 Log 4.51 Stainless steel 316 <2 Log 4.63 PC <2 Log 4.64 PVC <2 Log 4.63 Buna rubber <2 Log 4.76 HDPE <2 Log 4.56

TABLE 37 Enumeration of surviving population of Listeria monocytogenes (Log CFU/mL) after biofilm formation upon exposure to 0.5% oregano oil or lemongrass oil + 0.0001% plant emulsifier microemulsion at Day 0. Coupons 0.5% oregano oil 0.5% lemongrass oil Stainless steel 304 <2 Log 4.54 Stainless steel 316 <2 Log 4.62 PC <2 Log <2 Log PVC <2 Log <2 Log Buna rubber <2 Log 4.96 HDPE <2 Log 4.65

TABLE 38 Population of survivors of Salmonella Newport (Log CFU/mL) on various food contact surfaces upon two-minute treatment with 0.5% plant antimicrobial microemulsions on Day 0, 1 and 3. Lemongrass Cinnamal- Cinnamon Coupons Carvacrol Oregano oil Citral oil dehyde Oil Day 0 304 SS 4.75 <1 4.32 4.53 4.31 3.38 316 SS 4.66 <1 4.36 4.58 4.30 3.47 Buna N 4.19 <1 4.06 4.74 4.23 4.28 PVC 2.74 <1 3.49 4.96 3.93 4.37 PC <1 <1 3.25 4.57 4.06 4.37 HDPE <1 <1 3.44 4.87 4.27 4.38 Day 1 304 SS 4.26 4.39 4.52 4.48 4.45 4.36 316 SS 4.42 4.60 4.52 4.55 4.48 4.39 Buna N 4.65 4.81 4.34 4.83 4.87 4.76 PVC 4.24 4.13 4.27 <1 4.36 4.55 PC <1 <1 4.20 4.87 4.20 4.26 HDPE <1 <1 4.24 <1 4.24 4.34 Day 3 304 SS <1 <1 4.20 4.24 4.39 4.24 316 SS <1 <1 4.36 4.32 4.26 4.20 Buna N <1 <1 4.20 4.34 4.34 4.55 PVC <1 <1 4.27 <1 4.21 4.27 PC <1 <1 3.52 4.62 3.75 3.26 HDPE <1 <1 3.56 <1 3.24 3.34

TABLE 39 Population of survivors of Salmonella Newport (Log CFU/mL) on various food contact surfaces upon two-minute treatment with 0.7% plant antimicrobial microemulsions on Day 0, 1 and 3. Lemongrass Cinnamal- Cinnamon Coupons Carvacrol Oregano oil Citral oil dehyde Oil Day 0 304 SS 4.57 4.40 4.23 3.71 4.0 4.30 316 SS 4.24 3.30 3.59 4.16 4.68 4.06 Buna N 4.44 4.33 4.52 4.05 4.08 3.77 PVC 4.63 4.01 3.24 3.71 <1 4.10 PC 4.18 3.77 3.59 4.07 4.11 4.11 HDPE 4.24 3.42 2.71 3.36 4.42 3.06 Day 1 304 SS <1 <1 3.36 3.66 3.68 3.32 316 SS <1 <1 3.24 3.15 3.0 3.20 Buna N <1 <1 3.52 3.20 3.24 3.38 PVC <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 PC <1 <1 <1 <1 3.29 <1 HDPE <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 Day 3 304 SS <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 316 SS <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 Buna N <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 PVC <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 PC <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 HDPE <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

TABLE 40 Population of survivors of Salmonella Newport (Log CFU/mL) on various food contact surfaces upon two-minute treatment with 1% plant antimicrobial microemulsions on Day 0, 1 and 3. Lemongrass Cinnamal- Cinnamon Coupons Carvacrol Oregano oil Citral oil dehyde Oil Day 0 304 SS <1 <1 3.91 3.36 <1 4.52 316 SS <1 <1 4.13 3.81 <1 4.38 Buna N <1 <1 3.26 4.30 <1 4.12 PVC <1 <1 3.89 3.42 <1 3.12 PC <1 <1 4.20 3.63 <1 3.60 HDPE <1 <1 4.45 3.39 <1 <1 Day 1 304 SS <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 316 SS <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 Buna N <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 PVC <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 PC <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 HDPE <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 Day 3 304 SS <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 316 SS <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 Buna N <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 PVC <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 PC <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 HDPE <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

TABLE 41 Population of survivors of Listeria monocytogenes (Log CFU/mL) on various food contact surfaces upon two- minute treatment with 5% plant extracts on Day 0, 1 and 3. Coupons Apple extract Grapeseed extract Olive extract Day 0 304 SS 4.24 4.38 3.68 316 SS 4.20 4.24 3.56 Buna N 4.85 4.76 3.85 PVC 4.36 4.53 3.20 PC 4.38 4.26 3.24 HDPE 4.24 4.15 3.63 Day 1 304 SS 3.64 3.26 <1 316 SS 3.66 3.15 <1 Buna N 3.85 3.20 <1 PVC 3.25 3.24 <1 PC 3.16 4.36 <1 HDPE 3.35 4.53 <1 Day 3 304 SS <1 <1 <1 316 SS <1 <1 <1 Buna N <1 <1 <1 PVC <1 <1 <1 PC <1 <1 <1 HDPE <1 <1 <1

TABLE 42 Population of survivors of Listeria monocytogenes (Log CFU/mL) on various food contact surfaces upon two- minute treatment with 7% plant extracts on Day 0, 1 and 3. Coupons Apple extract Grapeseed extract Olive extract Day 0 304 SS <1 <1 <1 316 SS <1 <1 <1 Buna N <1 <1 <1 PVC <1 <1 <1 PC <1 <1 <1 HDPE <1 <1 <1 Day 1 304 SS <1 <1 <1 316 SS <1 <1 <1 Buna N <1 <1 <1 PVC <1 <1 <1 PC <1 <1 <1 HDPE <1 <1 <1 Day 3 304 SS <1 <1 <1 316 SS <1 <1 <1 Buna N <1 <1 <1 PVC <1 <1 <1 PC <1 <1 <1 HDPE <1 <1 <1

TABLE 43 Native microbiota population on organic and conventionally grown leafy greens. Log CFU obtained after TYPE OF LEAFY GREENS stomaching in BPW Organic leafy greens 5.75 Conventional leafy greens 5.81

TABLE 44 Quantification of biofilm formation by native microbiota from different leafy greens on Day 0 represented as OD600 values. Leafy Stainless Stainless Buna greens steel 304 steel 316 HDPE PC PVC rubber Chard 0.056 ± 0.00 0.071 ± 0.01 0.076 ± 0.00  0.071 ± 0.00 0.055 ± 0.00 0.129 ± 0.03 50/50 0.058 ± 0.00 0.052 ± 0.00 0.53 ± 0.00 0.078 ± 0.00 0.082 ± 0.00 0.142 ± 0.04 Spring mix 0.061 ± 0.00 0.061 ± 0.01 0.090 ± 0.00  0.087 ± 0.01 0.085 ± 0.01 0.153 ± 0.03 Spinach 0.075 ± 0.01 0.060 ± 0.00 0.059 ± 0.00  0.084 ± 0.01 0.105 ± 0.04 0.157 ± 0.04 Red Leaf 0.067 ± 0.00 0.075 ± 0.01 0.076 ± 0.00  0.071 ± 0.01 0.115 ± 0.03 0.145 ± 0.05 Iceberg 0.077 ± 0.00 0.081 ± 0.00 0.67 ± 0.00 0.078 ± 0.01 0.105 ± 0.03 0.186 ± 0.06 Romaine 0.082 ± 0.00 0.070 ± 0.01 0.071 ± 0.01  0.080 ± 0.01 0.079 ± 0.02 0.185 ± 0.05 Cilantro 0.068 ± 0.01 0.060 ± 0.00 0.075 ± 0.01  0.069 ± 0.01 0.076 ± 0.00 0.140 ± 0.04 Kale 0.057 ± 0.01 0.065 ± 0.01 0.77 ± 0.00 0.087 ± 0.02 0.070 ± 0.00 0.135 ± 0.03

TABLE 45 Quantification of biofilm formation by native microbiota from different leafy greens on Day 1 represented as OD600 values. Leafy Stainless Stainless Buna greens steel 304 steel 316 HDPE PC PVC rubber Chard 0.546 ± 0.05 0.546 ± 0.05 0.813 ± 0.01 0.417 ± 0.00 0.488 ± 0.04 0.681 ± 0.10 50/50 0.257 ± 0.12 0.257 ± 0.12 0.196 ± 0.06 0.612 ± 0.19 0.859 ± 0.27 1.143 ± 0.25 Spring mix 0.310 ± 0.03 0.310 ± 0.03 0.560 ± 0.11 0.919 ± 0.40 0.449 ± 0.09 0.901 ± 0.16 Spinach 0.832 ± 0.32 0.754 ± 0.32 0.348 ± 0.03 0.421 ± 0.07 0.703 ± 0.31 0.862 ± 0.18 Red Leaf 0.536 ± 0.00 0.536 ± 0.00 0.131 ± 0.04 0.559 ± 0.26 0.614 ± 0.10 0.822 ± 0.09 Iceberg 0.482 ± 0.14  0.482 ± 0.149 0.357 ± 0.03 0.832 ± 0.04 0.984 ± 0.25 0.576 ± 0.20 Romaine 0.446 ± 0.20 0.432 ± 0.13 0.591 ± 0.08 0.653 ± 0.06 0.777 ± 0.17 0.752 ± 0.09 Cilantro 0.647 ± 0.19 0.647 ± 0.19 0.331 ± 0.07 0.803 ± 0.07 0.805 ± 0.16 0.802 ± 0.17 Kale 0.675 ± 0.04 0.675 ± 0.04 0.499 ± 0.09 0.312 ± 0.13 0.681 ± 0.20 1.087 ± 0.25

TABLE 46 Population (Log CFU/g) of total microbial count, pseudomonads and lactic acid bacteria isolated from the leafy greens and their biofilm forming potential. Total Total Lactic Biofilm Microbial Total Acid Forming Leafy Greens Population Pseudomonads Bacteria Potential Romaine Lettuce 5.38 4.39 3.77 11.70% Baby Spinach 5.32 4.90 0 10.44% Red Leaf Lettuce 5.37 4.78 4.30  9.86% Iceberg Lettuce 4.95 0 1.81 11.83% Swiss Chard 3.90 3.90 1.0  7.39% 50/50 Mix 5.39 5.37 0 12.00% Kale 4.94 4.25 0 12.99% Spring Mix TNTC 3.94 0 11.34% Cilantro 5.83 5.72 4.42 12.44%

TABLE 47 Characterization of native microbiota based on Gram staining results. Gram Gram Gram Gram positive positive negative negative Leafy greens rods cocci rods cocci Romaine Lettuce No Yes Yes Yes Baby Spinach Yes No Yes No Red Leaf Lettuce Yes Yes Yes No Iceberg Lettuce No Yes Yes Yes Swiss Chard No Yes Yes No 50/50 Mix Yes Yes Yes Yes Kale No Yes Yes Yes Spring Mix Yes Yes Yes No Cilantro No Yes Yes No

TABLE 48 Identification of genera of native microbiota based on API strip results . Leafy Green Colony Potential Source Morphology Catalase Oxidase Identity Red Leaf Punctiform, − − Lactic acid Lettuce Convex, Entire, bacteria White Iceberg Circular, Raised, + − Photobacterium Lettuce- Entire, White damselae Colony 1 Proteus penneri Iceberg Irregular, Raised, + − Pseudomonas Lettuce- Undulate, White spp. Colony 2 Aeromonas spp. Spring Mix Irregular, Raised, + − Aeromonas Erose, White with hydrophila Orange Center Vibrio fluvialis Cilantro- Punctiform, − − Pantoea spp. Colony 1 Convex, Entire, Erwinia spp. Yellow Cilantro- Punctiform, − + Pseudomonas Colony 2 Convex, Entire, aeruginosa Translucent

As used herein, the term “about” refers to plus or minus 10% of the referenced number.

The disclosures of the following U.S. patents are incorporated in their entirety by reference herein: U.S. Pat. No. 6,312,740.

Various modifications of the invention, in addition to those described herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Each reference cited in the present application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Although there has been shown and described the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made thereto which do not exceed the scope of the appended claims. Therefore, the scope of the invention is only to be limited by the following claims. Reference numbers recited in the claims are exemplary and for ease of review by the patent office only, and are not limiting in any way. In some embodiments, the figures presented in this patent application are drawn to scale, including the angles, ratios of dimensions, etc. In some embodiments, the figures are representative only and the claims are not limited by the dimensions of the figures. In some embodiments, descriptions of the inventions described herein using the phrase “comprising” includes embodiments that could be described as “consisting of”, and as such the written description requirement for claiming one or more embodiments of the present invention using the phrase “consisting of” is met.

REFERENCES

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What is claimed is:
 1. An antimicrobial composition for reducing microorganisms on meat or produce when an effective amount is applied to a surface of the meat or the produce, said antimicrobial composition comprising a plant extract comprising olive extract, hibiscus extract, apple extract, or a combination thereof.
 2. The composition of claim 1, further comprising green tea extract, black tea extract, decaffeinated black tea extract, mushroom extract, grape seed extract, grape pomace extract, potato peel powder, orange peel powder, melon peel powder, or combinations thereof, oregano essential oil containing carvacrol, thyme essential oil containing carvacrol, or combinations thereof.
 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the microorganisms are foodborne pathogens, wherein the foodborne pathogens are Salmonella enterica, Shigatoxin producing Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus, Campylobacter jejuni, Arcobacter, Shigella, and non-shigatoxigenic E. coli.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the antimicrobial composition is a powder and an effective amount is applied to the surface of the meat or the produce by spray-treatment using a powder electrostatic spray apparatus.
 5. The composition of claim 4, wherein the powder electrostatic spray system is free of water.
 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the antimicrobial composition is a liquid and an effective amount is applied to the surface of the meat or the produce by spray-treatment using a liquid electrostatic spray apparatus.
 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the liquid electrostatic spray system uses cold water as a solvent medium.
 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the antimicrobial composition is a liquid and an effective amount is applied to the surface of the meat or the produce by dipping the meat into said liquid antimicrobial composition.
 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the antimicrobial composition further reduces microorganisms on a surface that the meat or the produce has touched.
 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the antimicrobial composition further prevents and controls microorganisms present in a biofilm form.
 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the antimicrobial composition effectively reduces the microorganism population on the meat surface by about 1 log to about 2.6 logs.
 12. An antimicrobial powder for reducing microorganisms on meat or produce, said antimicrobial powder comprising an antimicrobial composition of a plant extract comprising olive extract, hibiscus extract, apple extract or a combination thereof, wherein the antimicrobial composition is in a powder form, wherein an effective amount of said antimicrobial powder is applied to a surface of the meat or the produce by spray-treatment using a powder electrostatic spray apparatus, wherein the antimicrobial powder effectively reduces the microorganism population on the surface of the meat or produce by about 1 log to about 2.6 logs.
 13. The antimicrobial powder of claim 12, further comprising green tea extract, black tea extract, decaffeinated black tea extract, mushroom extract, grape seed extract, grape pomace extract, potato peel powder, orange peel powder, melon peel powder, or combinations thereof, oregano essential oil containing carvacrol, thyme essential oil containing carvacrol, or combinations thereof.
 14. The antimicrobial powder of claim 12, wherein the microorganisms are foodborne pathogens, wherein the foodborne pathogens are Salmonella enterica, Shigatoxin producing Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus, Campylobacter jejuni, Arcobacter, Shigella, and non-shigatoxigenic E. coli.
 15. The antimicrobial powder of claim 12, wherein the antimicrobial composition prevents and controls biofilm formation.
 16. The antimicrobial powder of claim 12, wherein the antimicrobial composition reduces microorganisms on a surface that the meat or the produce has touched.
 17. A method of reducing microorganisms on meat or produce, said method comprising applying an effective amount of an antimicrobial composition to a surface of the meat or the produce by spray-treating said surface using an electrostatic spray apparatus; wherein said antimicrobial composition comprising a plant extract comprising olive extract, hibiscus extract, apple extract, or a combination thereof; wherein the antimicrobial agent effectively reduces the microorganism population on the meat or produce surface by about 1 log to about 2.6 logs.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the antimicrobial composition is a powder and an effective amount is applied to the surface of the meat or the produce by a powder electrostatic spray apparatus.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the antimicrobial composition is a liquid and an effective amount is applied to the surface of the meat or the produce using a liquid electrostatic spray apparatus.
 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the antimicrobial composition further comprises green tea extract, black tea extract, decaffeinated black tea extract, mushroom extract, grape seed extract, grape pomace extract, potato peel powder, orange peel powder, melon peel powder, or combinations thereof, oregano essential oil containing carvacrol, thyme essential oil containing carvacrol, or combinations thereof. 